1 . Outline the main features of Two-Nation theory
Main Features of Two Nation Theory
The two-nation theory is a political ideology that served as the foundational concept for the creation of Pakistan during the partition of British India in 1947. Based on the historical document, here are the main features of the theory:
1. Distinct National Identities
The Two Nation Theory said that Muslims and Hindus in the subcontinent were two different nations. They had their own religion, culture, civilization, way of thinking, moral values, and economic system. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first leader who called Muslims a “nation.” He stressed that these differences were so deep that Muslims and Hindus could not live as one nation in a single state.
2. Cultural and Religious Differences
The theory highlighted that Muslims and Hindus had very different religions and cultures. These differences made them two separate nations, and it was not possible for both to fully live as one nation in a single state.
3. Political Rights and Representation
The theory demanded that Muslims should not be treated as a minority but as a separate nation. They needed their own political rights like separate electorates, fair representation in assemblies, and protection of their political interests, as explained in Quaid-i-Azam’s Fourteen Points.
4. Demand for Separate Homeland
Leaders like Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah said Muslims needed their own homeland. In his Allahabad Address (1930), Iqbal suggested that Muslim-majority areas like Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, and Balochistan should be combined into one Muslim state, which later became the demand for Pakistan.
5. Historical Context and Grievances
After the fall of the Mughal Empire, Muslims lost power and faced discrimination under British rule. During Congress rule (1937–1939), many policies worried Muslims, as they felt their religion and culture were under threat. These experiences made the demand for a separate homeland stronger.
6. Islamic Ideological Foundation
The theory was based on the idea that Muslims were a separate nation not just because of religion but also due to their unique culture, society, and economic beliefs. Pakistan was imagined as a state where Muslims could live by Islamic values and principles.
7. Rejection of United Indian Identity
The theory denied the idea of “one Indian nation.” It said that India was a subcontinent with many nations, and Muslims and Hindus were the two biggest ones. Quaid-i-Azam clearly said that India was not a single nation but home to many.
8. Protection of Muslim Culture and Rights
The theory stressed that Muslims needed to protect their culture, language (especially Urdu), education, religious laws, and institutions. Without a separate state, these could be suppressed under Hindu majority rule.
9. Geographical Consolidation
The theory said that Muslim-majority areas should be joined together to form independent states. This demand was clearly written in the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which asked for Muslim-majority regions to be made sovereign states.
10. Constitutional Safeguards
The theory also asked for protection of minorities in any political system. At the same time, it made clear that Muslims themselves should not be treated as a minority in areas where they were in majority.
Q2. What were the main objectives of Faraizi Movement?
Main Objectives of the Faraizi Movement
Background, founder, and name
- The Faraizi Movement began in Bengal under Haji Shariatullah.
- He returned from Makkah in 1802 and led the movement until his death in 1840.
- It is called “Faraizi” because it asked Muslims to follow the Faraiz, meaning the obligatory duties in Islam.
1) Religious purification and return to basic duties
- Make Muslims perform the Faraiz: daily prayers, fasting in Ramadan, zakat, Hajj for those able, and clean, correct worship.
- Remove un-Islamic customs that had mixed into local practice, for example shrine-centered practices, ceremonies copied from non-Islamic traditions, and superstitions.
- Teach correct belief in one God and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and stop practices the movement saw as innovations.
- Promote mosque life: regular congregational prayer, Friday prayer where possible, and simple, sincere worship.
2) Religious education and moral reform
- Spread basic Islamic learning: Quran reading, simple fiqh for daily life, and moral teaching in villages.
- Improve personal character: honesty in trade, truthfulness, modesty, no gambling or drinking, and respectful family life.
- Make rituals simple: cut down on wasteful spending in weddings and funerals, and keep ceremonies within Islamic limits.
3) Strengthen Muslim identity and community discipline
- Keep a clear Muslim identity in dress, food rules, and festivals, and avoid taking part in non-Islamic festivals.
- Unite village Muslims under local jamaats, so people could help each other in prayer, charity, and disputes.
- Follow Muslim personal law in marriage, divorce, inheritance, and resolve issues through community guidance.
4) Social justice and protection of the poor
- The movement cared about poor peasants and small farmers who faced heavy demands.
- It spoke against social oppression, unfair taxes, and extra cesses that landlords often charged.
- It encouraged fair dealing, proper weights and measures, and kindness to debtors and laborers.
5) Tenant rights and organization under Dudu Mian
- After Haji Shariatullah passed away in 1840, his son Muhammad Mohsin (Dudu Mian) led the movement.
- He organized Muslim tenants against harsh practices of some landlords in Bengal.
- He worked to protect tenant rights, reduce illegal cesses, and give confidence to poor Muslims to stand up for fairness.
- He kept the religious goals in place while adding a stronger social and economic program.
6) Revival, not rebellion against the state
- The core aim was religious and social reform, not a military revolt.
- It focused on correcting Muslim life from within, creating a community that was faithful to Islam and strong in morals.
Q3. Explain the role of Shah Waliullah in Revivalist Movement
Answer:
Shah Waliullah played a leading role in reviving Islam in the subcontinent. He studied the causes of Muslim decline and worked hard to bring Muslims back to Islamic teachings and values.
Explanation
Background
- Shah Waliullah was born in 1703 and died in 1762.
- His real name was Qutubuddin, but he became famous as Waliullah because of his spiritual qualities.
- He is known as the pioneer of the Islamic revival movement in the subcontinent.
His Role and Contributions
1. Analysis of Muslim Decline
- After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire began to weaken.
- Shah Waliullah studied the reasons for this downfall.
- He concluded that Muslims were declining because they had moved away from Islamic principles and because non-Muslim influence was increasing.
- He warned that Muslims would lose their honor and power if they did not return to Islam.
2. Political Efforts
- He wrote letters to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and other Muslim rulers, urging them to improve Muslim society.
- He also wrote to Ahmed Shah Abdali, the Afghan ruler, asking him to fight against the Marathas who were harming Muslims.
- This resulted in Abdali’s victory over the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), which saved the Muslims from further destruction.
3. Religious and Educational Work
- He translated the Holy Quran into Persian, so common people could understand it better.
- Later, his sons translated the Quran into Urdu.
- He wrote many important books on Hadith, Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Tafseer (Quranic commentary).
- His most famous book, “Hujjat-ul-Lah-il-Baligha”, explained Islam as a universal religion for all of humanity.
4. Legacy
- His mission was carried forward by his son Shah Abdul Aziz, who continued his work at Madrassah Rahimiya in Delhi.
- His teachings inspired later reformers such as Syed Ahmed Shaheed, who followed his path in reviving Islam.
Q4. Describe the struggle of Syed Ahmed Shaheed in eliminating social evils from Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Answer:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed led a Jihad movement against Sikh rule in Punjab and NWFP to establish Islamic rule, revive Islamic teachings, and remove social evils. He was martyred in the Battle of Balakot in 1831.
Explanation
Background
- Syed Ahmed Shaheed was born in 1786 at Rai Bareilly (UP).
- He was influenced by Shah Waliullah’s teachings and became a disciple of Shah Abdul Aziz.
- He founded the Tahreek-e-Mujahideen (Movement of Freedom Fighters) to defend Islam and Muslims.
His Struggle in Punjab and NWFP
1. Movement Objectives
- Spread the message of Tauheed (Oneness of Allah) and fight against polytheism.
- Revive true Islamic teachings and values in society.
- Work for the establishment of an Islamic state based on Shariah.
- Protect Muslims from un-Islamic influences.
- End Sikh domination in Punjab and NWFP.
2. Preparation for Jihad
- In 1826, he went to Sindh to seek support from Pir Pagara (Syed Sibghatullah Shah).
- Left his family in Pir Pagara’s protection and received help from his followers, known as the Hurs.
- Then moved towards Punjab and NWFP to begin armed struggle.
3. Military Campaigns
- Reached Nowshera (Khyber) in December 1826 and made it his base.
- First battle (Akora, 21 Dec 1826): Muslims defeated the Sikhs.
- Second battle (Hazro): Muslims won again.
- These victories encouraged many Pathan tribes to join.
- The number of Mujahideen grew to about 80,000.
- Syed Ahmed was declared Amir-ul-Momineen (Leader of the Faithful).
- Islamic laws were implemented in areas under his control.
4. Challenges and Downfall
- Tribal chiefs grew jealous and conspired against him.
- Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh bribed local leaders like Yar Muhammad and Sultan Muhammad Khan to betray him.
- These betrayals weakened the movement.
- Syed Ahmed shifted to Balakot, continuing his struggle from Muzaffarabad.
- In the Battle of Balakot (6 May 1831), Syed Ahmed Shaheed, along with Shah Ismail Shaheed and hundreds of followers, were martyred.
- Only about 300 Mujahideen survived.
Q5. Describe the achievements of the Aligarh Movement
Answer:
The Aligarh Movement, started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817–1898), restored Muslim confidence, promoted modern education, created political awakening, improved relations with the British, and laid the foundation for the Two-Nation Theory.
Explanation
After the War of Independence (1857), Muslims faced severe loss of property, rights, and trust. The British blamed them for the revolt, while Hindus gained advantages by siding with the British. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan realized Muslims could only survive if they adopted modern education and adjusted to the new political realities.
Major Achievements of the Aligarh Movement
1. Educational Services
- Founded the Scientific Society (1862, Ghazipur; later Aligarh) to translate Western scientific and modern works into Urdu so common Muslims could benefit.
- Established a modern school at Aligarh on the pattern of Cambridge University, later upgraded to Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College, 1875), which eventually became Aligarh Muslim University (1920).
- Encouraged Muslims to learn English language and modern sciences to compete with Hindus in jobs and governance.
- Promoted Urdu language as the cultural and national language of Muslims.
2. Social Services and Restoration of Rights
- Wrote the famous pamphlet “The Causes of Indian Revolt” explaining the real reasons for the 1857 uprising, defending Muslims against British blame.
- Worked to build trust between Muslims and the British government.
- Helped remove the ban on Muslims entering government jobs.
- Assisted Muslims in regaining their confiscated lands and properties.
- Ensured Muslim participation in government development schemes.
3. Political Awakening
- Taught Muslims to accept British rule as reality and focus on education before politics.
- Urged Muslims to adopt non-confrontational politics until they became socially and educationally strong.
- Advised Muslims to stay away from Congress because of its Hindu-majority designs for political supremacy.
- Encouraged Muslims to maintain peaceful cooperation with the British while preparing for the future.
4. Foundation of the Two-Nation Theory
- At first, he supported Hindu-Muslim unity and admitted Hindu students and teachers at Aligarh institutions.
- However, after the Hindi-Urdu controversy (1867), when Hindus demanded replacement of Urdu with Hindi, he realized Hindus wanted cultural dominance.
- From this, he developed the concept of separate Muslim identity.
- He was the first leader to call Muslims a separate “nation” due to their distinct religion, culture, and traditions.
5. Creating Muslim Leadership
- His movement trained a new generation of educated Muslims.
- Produced great leaders and scholars like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Maulana Shibli Naumani, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali, and Maulana Chiragh Ali.
- These leaders played key roles in the Pakistan Movement later.
6. Impact on Muslim Society
- Revived Muslim confidence after the humiliating defeat of 1857.
- Spread awareness about the importance of modern education.
- Improved Muslims’ economic and social status.
- Provided an ideological foundation for the Pakistan Movement.
- Became a source of strength and unity for Muslims of the subcontinent.
Q6. Describe the role of Muslim League in struggle for Pakistan
Answer:
The All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906, became the main political platform of Muslims. Under the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it safeguarded Muslim rights, responded to Hindu political domination, mobilized the masses, and finally secured the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Explanation
The All India Muslim League was formed on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka under the guidance of Nawab Salimullah Khan. Its headquarters were set at Aligarh. Initially, its aim was to protect Muslim rights in British India, but later it became the driving force behind the demand for a separate homeland, Pakistan.
Key Roles of the Muslim League in the Struggle for Pakistan
1. Protection of Muslim Rights
- Represented Muslims as their sole political party.
- Highlighted grievances of Muslims to the British government.
- Worked against Congress attempts to dominate Muslims politically, socially, and economically.
- Ensured that separate electorates were granted to Muslims in the 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms.
2. Political Settlements
- Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the League in October 1913, giving it new vision and leadership.
- In December 1916, the League signed the Lucknow Pact with Congress.
- Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims.
- Muslims were given one-third representation in the Central Legislative Assembly.
- This pact gave Muslims a recognized political identity in Indian politics.
3. Response to Hindu Opposition
- When Hindus opposed Muslim rights, especially in the Nehru Report (1928) which denied separate electorates, Quaid-i-Azam presented his famous Fourteen Points (1929).
- These points became the charter of Muslim demands and reflected their determination to safeguard political, cultural, and religious identity.
4. Pakistan Resolution (1940)
- On 23 March 1940, the League held its historic session at Lahore.
- Passed the Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution), demanding independent states in Muslim-majority areas of India.
- This gave a clear goal to Muslims: the creation of Pakistan.
5. Electoral Success (1945–46 Elections)
- The Muslim League contested elections as the party of Muslims.
- Won all 30 Muslim seats in the Central Legislative Assembly.
- Secured 430 out of 495 Muslim seats in provincial assemblies.
- This proved that Muslims overwhelmingly supported the demand for Pakistan and accepted Muslim League as their sole representative.
6. Final Achievement
- With mass support, the League under Quaid-i-Azam negotiated with the British and rejected Congress’s “united India” schemes.
- Successfully achieved the partition of India.
- On 14 August 1947, the League’s efforts culminated in the creation of Pakistan.
Q7. What role was played by provinces in the struggle for Pakistan?
Answer:
All provinces that later formed Pakistan played significant roles in the Pakistan Movement. Through political mobilization, student activism, women’s participation, and electoral victories, each province gave unique contributions that strengthened the Muslim League and led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Explanation
The success of the Pakistan Movement depended not only on the central leadership but also on the provincial contributions. Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP at that time) all gave leadership, sacrifices, and mass support for the cause of Pakistan.
1. Punjab
- Punjab had a Muslim majority but political power was dominated by Sikhs, Hindus, and the pro-British Unionist Party.
- Allama Iqbal, a great poet-philosopher of Punjab, inspired Muslims with his vision of an Islamic state.
- The Pakistan Resolution (23 March 1940) was passed in Lahore, making Punjab the center of the movement.
- In the 1945–46 elections, the Muslim League won 90% of Muslim seats in Punjab Assembly, proving massive Muslim support.
- Students’ role: Students led protests against the Unionist Government, leading to its resignation.
- Women’s role: Sughra Aftab became a symbol of courage when she removed the British flag from Punjab Secretariat and hoisted the Muslim League flag.
- Key Leaders: Nawab Iftikhar Hussain of Mamdot, Mian Mumtaz Daultana, Mian Iftikharuddin, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan.
2. Sindh
- Known as the “Gateway of Islam”, Sindh had strong Islamic roots.
- Declared a separate province in 1935, which was the first step towards strengthening Muslim identity.
- The Muslim League held its first Annual Session in Karachi (1907).
- Sindh Assembly was the first to pass a resolution (October 1938) demanding Muslim-majority provinces should have self-government — an early echo of Pakistan demand.
- Hur Movement: Pir Pagara (Syed Sibaghatullah Shah) led armed struggle against the British during WWII.
- Muslim League won majority in 1945–46 elections and formed the provincial government.
- Key Leaders: Sir Abdullah Haroon, Muhammad Ayub Khuhro, Qazi Fazlullah, Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah.
3. Balochistan
- Balochistan was known for its bravery, independence, and Islamic faith.
- Although politically backward under British rule, it remained a symbol of freedom.
- Qazi Muhammad Isa joined the Muslim League in 1939 and organized its base in Balochistan.
- Pakistan Day (23 March 1941) was celebrated in Quetta with a historic rally.
- Balochistan Muslim Students Federation (1943) mobilized youth for the Pakistan cause.
- In 1947, the Shahi Jirga voted in favor of joining Pakistan.
- Key Leaders: Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, Mir Qadir Bakhsh Zehri, Sardar Baz Khan, Mir Ahmad Yar Khan (Khan of Kalat).
4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP at that time)
- The people of NWFP were known for bravery and religious zeal.
- Quaid-i-Azam demanded constitutional reforms for the province in 1927.
- Sardar Aurangzeb Khan supported the Pakistan Resolution in 1940.
- Initially, the Congress party dominated through Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) and Dr. Khan Sahib.
- After 1945, Muslim League influence grew under Sardar Aurangzeb Khan, Justice Ahmad Jan, and Khan Bahadur Assadullah Khan.
- The Abbottabad Conference (1939) gave new energy to the freedom movement.
- Civil disobedience campaign of 1947 saw over 8,000 Muslim League workers arrested.
- Students’ Role: Students of Islamia College Peshawar and Edward College actively campaigned for Pakistan.
Here’s the same structured style for Q8:
Q8. What are the responsibilities of citizens of an ideological state?
Answer:
Citizens of an ideological state like Pakistan are responsible for protecting its founding ideology, living by Islamic principles, promoting unity, and contributing to the country’s democratic, social, and economic progress.
Explanation:
Pakistan was created as an ideological state based on Islamic teachings. Citizens therefore have duties not only as members of society but also as guardians of the state’s ideology.
Key Responsibilities:
- National Identity
- Identify as Pakistanis rather than dividing into ethnic groups (Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan, Bengali)
- Promote national unity and pride in being Pakistani
- Islamic Way of Life
- Follow Islamic teachings in daily life
- Support laws and governance based on Sharia principles
- Uphold Islamic moral and ethical standards
- Democratic Participation
- Work for democracy guided by Islamic values of equality, justice, and freedom
- Reject systems that clash with Pakistan’s ideological foundation
- Strengthen institutions that represent the people
- Economic Honesty
- Earn livelihood through lawful and honest means
- Avoid fraud, corruption, and unfair trade practices
- Follow Islamic principles of fair economy and social justice
- Patriotism and Loyalty
- Show loyalty to the state above personal or group interests
- Be willing to sacrifice for the nation’s survival and prosperity
- Defend Pakistan against harmful or anti-national elements
- Education and Character
- Pursue education to build strong character and modern skills
- Strive for personal development to contribute to national progress
- Act as responsible, well-informed, and civilized citizens
- Law-Abiding Behavior
- Respect the constitution and obey state laws
- Cooperate with authorities and maintain order in society
- Avoid violence, crime, and actions harmful to peace
- Social Contribution
- Work hard and fulfill duties with dedication
- Help fellow citizens and promote brotherhood among Muslims
- Contribute to the welfare and uplift of society
- National Participation
- Actively take part in movements and activities that strengthen national integrity
- Support policies and programs that advance Pakistan’s progress
- Promote unity, dignity, and collective growth of the state
Here’s the same structured style for Q9:
Q9. Write main points which make the character of Quaid-i-Azam a role model for others
Answer:
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s character was marked by honesty, courage, determination, and visionary leadership. His principled life, selfless service, and dedication to the Muslim cause made him an ideal role model for generations.
Explanation:
According to historical records, Quaid-i-Azam’s personal qualities set him apart as a leader who inspired respect, loyalty, and admiration. His life provides a guiding example for both leaders and common citizens.
Main Qualities:
- Man of Principles
- Always fulfilled promises and commitments
- Never compromised on Muslim rights or Pakistan’s cause
- Maintained perfect consistency between his words and actions
- Intelligence and Statesmanship
- Displayed sharp intelligence and political wisdom
- Balanced courage, responsibility, and integrity in leadership
- Proved himself as a master statesman in difficult negotiations
- Honesty and Courage
- Spoke the truth and stood by what he believed was right
- Took bold and difficult decisions for the benefit of Muslims
- Never allowed fear or pressure to sway his principles
- Attractive Personality
- Had polished manners and a dignified presence
- Commanded respect in every gathering
- Inspired others with his confidence and grace
- Strong Character
- Remained firm in his convictions and principles
- Showed moral strength in the face of opposition and hardships
- Demonstrated unwavering commitment to the Muslim cause
- Determination and Spirit
- Possessed tireless energy and unshakable resolve
- Never gave up despite severe challenges and health issues
- Continued the struggle until the very end of his life
- Dedication and Sacrifice
- Devoted his entire life to the creation of Pakistan
- Placed national interest above personal comfort and health
- Proved his selfless service through sacrifice and vision
- Support for Youth
- Believed youth were the future of Islam and Pakistan
- Encouraged students to pursue education and character building
- Motivated younger generations to take part in nation-building
- Visionary Leadership
- Had a clear vision of Pakistan as an Islamic ideological state
- Combined practical politics with long-term goals
- Provided strong direction for the nation’s future development
Here’s Q10 prepared in the same structured style as the earlier answers:
Q10. Describe role of Quaid-i-Azam as Governor General of Pakistan
Answer:
As the first Governor General of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah faced enormous challenges yet laid the solid foundation of the new state. He worked tirelessly for refugee settlement, national unity, administrative reforms, economic planning, and foreign relations, while setting guiding principles for the country’s future.
Explanation:
After the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, Quaid-i-Azam inherited a weak administrative setup, economic crisis, millions of refugees, and international doubts about the survival of the country. Despite serious illness, he devoted all his energy to nation-building. His efforts as Governor General ensured Pakistan’s survival in its most critical early years.
Major Roles and Achievements:
- National Integration
- Worked to unite people of all provinces under the identity of being Pakistanis
- Strongly warned against provincialism, racialism, and disunity in his speech of June 15, 1948
- Created spirit of patriotism and national unity, defeating Indian hopes of Pakistan’s collapse
- Settlement of Refugees
- Faced the huge responsibility of rehabilitating 6.5 million Muslim refugees from India
- Established the Quaid-i-Azam Relief Fund and appealed for public donations
- Personally visited refugee camps in Lahore (October 1947) to supervise arrangements
- Emphasized Pakistan’s duty to house and feed displaced people
- Administrative Reforms
- Reorganized civil service to make officers true public servants
- In his March 25, 1948 address, advised government officials to serve honestly and above party interests
- Stressed that administrative integrity was essential for Pakistan’s survival
- Provincial Integration
- Toured provinces to address local grievances and promote unity
- Declared that people should take pride in being Pakistanis first
- Withdrew military from Waziristan to build trust and bring tribal areas into the national fold
- Ensured independent princely states became permanent parts of Pakistan
- Economic Foundation
- Inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948
- Rejected purely Western economic models as unsuitable
- Advocated an Islamic economic system based on justice and equality
- Envisioned a social order rooted in fairness and brotherhood
- Foreign Policy
- Secured Pakistan’s membership in the United Nations
- Established diplomatic ties with many countries quickly
- Worked for friendly relations with neighbors and solidarity with Muslim nations
- Enhanced Pakistan’s image as a responsible and sovereign state
- Educational Guidance
- Considered youth as Pakistan’s most valuable asset
- Urged students to focus on education instead of politics at that stage
- Praised the role of students in the independence struggle
- Emphasized education as the key to progress and development
- Capital and Infrastructure
- Declared Karachi as the capital of Pakistan
- Focused on building basic infrastructure for administration and governance
- Took immediate steps to strengthen institutions of the new country
- Dedication Despite Illness
- Despite old age and declining health, worked day and night for Pakistan
- Continued official duties until his final days
- His sacrifice and determination earned him the title Father of the Nation
- Constitutional Framework
- Laid principles for Pakistan’s governance rooted in Islamic ideology
- Guided future constitutional development by emphasizing democracy and justice
- Set an example of leadership in an ideological state
Would you like me to now prepare Q11 in the same style so your whole set stays uniform and ready for study?