Section B ( Short Questions)
List of any three advantages of designing flowchart.
1. Clarity and Simplicity:
A flowchart provides a clear representation of the process, making it easier to understand. It simplifies complex problems by breaking them down into smaller, manageable steps.
2. Simplifies Program Design:
Flowcharts provide a diagram of how the program will operate, allowing programmers to organize and plan the logic before writing any code. This approach ensures that the code will follow a clear sequence, reducing confusion during development.
3. Improved Problem-Solving and Troubleshooting:
When troubleshooting an issue, a flowchart enables you to visualize the entire process and helps identify the point where the problem occurs. This step-by-step breakdown aids in quicker problem resolution.
What is a computer program?
A computer program is a collection or set of instructions understood by a computer, designed to be executed to perform a specific task.
Define the rules for naming variable.
They must start with an alphabetic letter or an underscore (_).
They cannot start with a digit.
They cannot contain spaces or special characters other than the underscore.
They cannot be a reserved word (keyword) of the language (e.g., if, while, int).
Names are often case-sensitive (e.g., Sum and sum are different).
What is the difference between Source code and Object code?
Source Code: Program written by a programmer in a human-readable high-level language (like C++).
Object Code (Machine Code): Binary code (0s and 1s) directly understood and executed by the computer’s CPU. Source code is converted to object code by a translator (compiler/assembler).
Differentiate between constant and variables.
Constant: A constant is a value that does not change during the execution of the program. Once assigned, it remains the same throughout. Example: const int x = 5;
Key Point: The value of a constant cannot be modified.
Variable: A variable is a storage location that holds a value which can change during the execution of the program. Example: int x = 5;
Key Point: The value of a variable can be modified during the program’s execution.
Write the purpose of the following escape sequence:
(i) \n
(ii) \t
(iii) \b
(i) \n: Newline character; moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
(ii) \t: Horizontal tab; inserts a horizontal tab space.
(iii) \b: Backspace; moves the cursor one position backward.
Define ITERATION/LOOP.
Iteration or loop is a programming concept that allows a block of code to be repeated multiple times. It is used when you need to perform repetitive tasks. There are different types of loops like For loop, While loop, and Do-While loop.
Differentiate between Relational Operators and Logical Operators.
Relational Operators: These operators are used to compare two values. They return a boolean result (true or false).
Example operators: == (equal), != (not equal), < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal), >= (greater than or equal).
Example: 5 > 3 is true.
Logical Operators: These operators are used to combine multiple relational or conditional expressions and return a boolean result.
Example operators: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT).
Example: (5 > 3) && (8 > 6) is true.
Define Queue and Stack.
Queue: A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle. The first element added to the queue is the first one to be removed.
Example: A queue in a bank where the first person to arrive is the first person to be served.
Stack: A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. The last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed.
Example: A stack of books where the last book you place on the stack is the first one to be removed.
Define the following:
(i) Syntax error (ii) Logical error
OR
(i) Compiler (ii) Interpreter
(i) Syntax Error: A syntax error occurs when the code is written incorrectly, violating the rules of the programming language. These errors prevent the program from compiling or running.
Example: Missing semicolon, incorrect use of brackets.
(ii) Logical Error: A logical error occurs when the program runs without crashing, but the output is not as expected due to incorrect logic or reasoning in the program.
Example: Using wrong formulas or making a mistake in the flow of the program.
(i) Compiler: A compiler is a program that converts the entire source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code or an executable file.
Example: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for C.
(ii) Interpreter: An interpreter translates and executes the source code line by line, rather than compiling it into a complete machine code file.
Example: Python uses an interpreter.
What is the difference between Low-Level language and High-Level language?
Define Arithmetic assignment operators with examples.
Arithmetic assignment operators are shortcuts that combine an arithmetic operator with the assignment operator (=). They perform an arithmetic operation on the variable on the left and store the result back into that same variable.
| Operator | Example | Equivalent To | Description |
+= | a += 5 | a = a + 5 | Adds the right operand to the left operand. |
-= | a -= 5 | a = a - 5 | Subtracts the right operand from the left operand. |
*= | a *= 5 | a = a * 5 | Multiplies the left operand by the right operand. |
What do you mean by Computer Network? Write the name of different networks.
A Computer Network is a group of two or more interconnected computing devices that can share resources and exchange information.
- Different Networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network)
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
- WAN (Wide Area Network)
Why are utility programs used in computer?
Utility programs are tools that help the operating system keep the computer running smoothly. They perform tasks like cleaning up unnecessary files, compressing files to save space, and making backups to protect important data. These programs help keep the computer organized, fast, and safe.
Write any three measures to prevent computer system from virus and malware.
Install and regularly update antivirus and anti-malware software.
Be cautious and avoid opening suspicious email attachments or clicking unknown links.
Only download software from trusted, official sources and keep your Operating System updated.
What is the importance of wireless communication in the present era?
Wireless communication is important because it lets people talk and access information from almost anywhere without needing wires. It allows mobile phones and other devices to work anywhere, helps connect faraway places,
How is a table of content created? How does it help a book reader?
What is meant by transmission medium? Define guided and unguided media.
A Transmission Medium is the physical path over which information travels from the sender to the receiver in a communication system.
Guided Media: Use physical links (cables) to guide the signal. Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable.
Unguided Media: Use air or vacuum to transmit the signal, often called wireless communication. Examples: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared signals.
What are the basic operations of a computer? Write all the operations.
The five basic operations of a computer system are:
- Input: Accepting data and instructions from the user or source.
- Processing: Performing arithmetic or logical operations on the data.
- Output: Displaying the processed results to the user.
- Storage: Saving data and instructions for future use.
- Control: Managing and directing all the above operations.
Which calculating devices were invented in the mechanical era? Write about any three devices.
What do you mean by communication? Define any three components of communication system.
Differentiate between Digital signals and Analog signals.
Analog Signal: A continuous, smoothly varying signal over time, represented by wave patterns.
Digital Signal: A discrete signal that transmits information as a sequence of binary values (0s and 1s), typically represented by square waves.
Write the description of the following: <p>, <br>, <hr>
These are basic HTML tags:
<p>(Paragraph Tag): Used to define a block of text as a paragraph. Browsers typically add white space before and after a<p>element.<br>(Break Tag): A self-closing tag used to force a line break in text without starting a new paragraph.<hr>(Horizontal Rule Tag): A self-closing tag used to insert a thematic break or a horizontal line on the web page.
Write any three characteristics of database management system.
Data Redundancy Control: It minimizes data duplication across the system.
Data Sharing: Allows multiple users and applications to access the same data concurrently.
Data Security and Integrity: Provides mechanisms for ensuring only authorized users can access the data and that the data remains consistent and accurate.
Write three benefits of using relationship in the Database.
Reduces Data Redundancy: By linking tables instead of duplicating data, storage space is saved and update anomalies are prevented.
Ensures Data Consistency (Integrity): Relationships enforce rules (referential integrity) so that data remains logically sound across all connected tables.
Improves Query Efficiency: It allows for combining data from multiple tables easily and logically (via Joins), enabling complex but efficient data retrieval.
Which Monitor will you prefer in your school: CRT or FPD? And why?
I would prefer a FPD (Flat Panel Display) monitor.
- Reason: FPDs are superior for a school environment as they consume less power, take up much less space on a desk, and produce less glare and eye strain compared to older, bulky CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors.
Differentiate between system software and application software.
System Software: Programs designed to manage and control the computer hardware and provide a platform for application software to run. Examples: Operating System (OS), utility programs, device drivers.
Application Software: Programs designed to perform specific tasks for the user. Examples: Word processors (MS Word), web browsers, games.
What is the difference between GUI and CLI?
Why do we use arrange group in page layout tab?
Why is information accuracy important?
Why is computer security important? Write any three reasons.
How are image display in HTML page?
Images are displayed in an HTML page using the <img> tag. This tag is self-closing and requires the following attributes:
src(source): Specifies the file path or URL of the image.alt(alternate text): Provides a text description of the image for accessibility and when the image cannot be displayed.- Example:
<img src="logo.png" alt="Company Logo">
Describe “Artificial Intelligence” with example.
What is the difference between table and View?
Table: A fundamental database structure that stores data in rows and columns; it is a physical object that holds the actual data.
View: A virtual table whose content is defined by a query; it is a logical object that does not store data itself but rather retrieves it dynamically from one or more underlying tables.
Write steps that will multiply 37 by 15 using the formula bar in MS Excel.
Select a Cell: Click on any empty cell (e.g., A1) where you want the result to appear.
Activate Formula Bar: Click into the Formula Bar (the long input field above the spreadsheet columns).
Enter Formula: Type the multiplication formula, starting with the equals sign: =37*15.
Execute: Press the Enter key to display the result (555) in the selected cell.
Why do we use a watermark in a document? Give some examples of watermark.
Watermarks are used in documents for two main reasons:
- To Indicate Status/Confidentiality: To clearly label the document’s nature without obstructing the text.
- To Protect Intellectual Property: To deter unauthorized use or copying.
- Examples: “DRAFT,” “CONFIDENTIAL,” “SAMPLE,” or a company’s logo.
What is Wallpaper? How can we change the wallpaper of the desktop?
Classify the monitor according to colour capabilities.
Monitors are classified according to color capabilities as:
- Monochrome: Displays only two colors, typically black and white (or green/amber on black).
- Grayscale: Displays various shades of gray along with black and white.
- Color: Displays thousands or millions of different colors.
Where can we find the deleted files and folders in the Windows Operating System? Also write how the file and folder send over there?
Location: Deleted files and folders are temporarily stored in the Recycle Bin.
Process: When a user deletes a file (by pressing the Delete key or right-clicking and selecting Delete), the Windows OS changes the file’s reference and moves it to a hidden location monitored by the Recycle Bin, marking the storage space as available, but not physically removing the data immediately.
State and prove the following Boolean’s rules:
(i) A+1=1
(ii) A.0=0
(iii) A+A=1
(iv) A=A
Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM.
SRAM (Static RAM): Faster, uses less power, and retains data as long as power is supplied (no refreshing needed). Used for cache memory.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower, cheaper, and requires constant refreshing (recharging) to maintain the data. Used for the computer’s main memory (RAM).
Why do we need an Operating System?
We need an Operating System (OS) because it acts as a bridge between the user, the programs, and the computer’s hardware. The OS helps manage the computer’s resources like the processor, memory, and devices. It also takes care of files and creates a space where programs can run properly.
Convert the following into given equivalent system:
(i) (10110100111)2=(?)16
(ii) (1705)8=(?)10
(iii) (340)10=(?)2
(iv) (10001101)2=(?)10
Define 1st generation of computer. Name any three famous computers of 1st generation.
Definition: The First Generation (approx. 1940-1956) computers were characterized by the use of Vacuum Tubes as their primary electronic component. They were large, expensive, generated excessive heat, and relied on machine language for programming.
Famous Computers:
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
- UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I)
Give the appropriate DOS command for the task given below: (i) Print a file ABC.TXT to printer. (ii) Change the directory from XYZ to ROOT. (iii) Show the list of all files whose name starts with the letter “C“. (iv) Copy the entire contents of a disk is another disk.
Solve the following Binary numbers:
(i) (1110011)2+(11011)2
(ii) (111010011)2−(11111)2
(iii) (1010101)2×(111)2
(iv) Find the 2′s complement of (101011)2
(i) (1110011)2+(11011)2
1110011+0011011
=(10001110)2
(ii) (111010011)2−(11111)2
111010011−00011111
=(110110100)2
(iii) (1010101)2×(111)2
1010101×111
=(1001101111)2
(iv) Find the 2’s complement of (101011)2
- 1’s Complement: Invert all bits: 010100
- 2’s Complement: Add 1 to the 1’s complement: 010100+1=(010101)2
What do you mean by pointing input device? Write some examples of such devices.
A pointing input device is a hardware component that allows a user to control the position of a cursor or pointer on the screen to select, move, or manipulate objects.
- Examples: Mouse, Trackball, Touchpad (Trackpad), Light pen, Joystick, Touch screen.
With the help of Karnaugh map simplify each expression:
(i) ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
The expression is a sum of four identical terms: F=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC.
- By the Idempotent Law (X+X=X) in Boolean Algebra, any number of identical terms summed together is equal to just one of those terms.
- Simplification: F=ABC
- A Karnaugh Map is not necessary to simplify this expression.
Name and define the computer which consists of both Analog and Digital system.
The computer that consists of both analog and digital systems is called a Hybrid Computer. It possesses the speed and accuracy of analog components for complex mathematical operations and the memory and logic capabilities of digital components. They are typically used in specialized applications like process control in industrial plants.
State and prove the De Morgan’s equation: AB=A+B